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* 產品  
  ![black arrow pointing left to go back to main navigation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/arrow-right-black.svg) 產品  
  [AI 支援的網路安全性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [透過設計保護 AI](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/precision-ai-security/secure-ai-by-design?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Prisma AIRS](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/prisma/prisma-ai-runtime-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [AI 存取安全性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase/ai-access-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [雲端交付的安全服務](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/security-subscriptions?ts=markdown)
  
  * [進階威脅防禦](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/advanced-threat-prevention?ts=markdown)
  
  * [進階 URL Filtering](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/advanced-url-filtering?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Advanced WildFire](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/advanced-wildfire?ts=markdown)
  
  * [進階 DNS 安全性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/advanced-dns-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [企業數據遺失防護](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase/enterprise-data-loss-prevention?ts=markdown)
  
  * [企業 IoT Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/enterprise-device-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [醫療 IoT Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/medical-iot-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [工業 OT 安全性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/industrial-ot-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [SaaS 安全性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase/saas-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [新世代防火牆](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/next-generation-firewall?ts=markdown)
  
  * [硬體防火牆](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/hardware-firewall-innovations?ts=markdown)
  
  * [軟體防火牆](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/software-firewalls?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Strata Cloud Manager](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/strata-cloud-manager?ts=markdown)
  
  * [新世代防火牆 SD-WAN](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/sd-wan-subscription?ts=markdown)
  
  * [PAN-OS](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/pan-os?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Panorama](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/panorama?ts=markdown)
  
  * [安全存取服務邊緣](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Prisma SASE](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase?ts=markdown)
  
  * [應用程式加速](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase/app-acceleration?ts=markdown)
  
  * [自主數位體驗管理](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase/adem?ts=markdown)
  
  * [企業 DLP](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase/enterprise-data-loss-prevention?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Prisma Access](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase/access?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Prisma 瀏覽器](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase/prisma-browser?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Prisma SD-WAN](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase/sd-wan?ts=markdown)
  
  * [遠端瀏覽器隔離](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase/remote-browser-isolation?ts=markdown)
  
  * [SaaS 安全性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase/saas-security?ts=markdown)  
    [人工智慧驅動的安全性作業平台](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex?ts=markdown)
  
  * [雲端安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cloud?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex Cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cloud?ts=markdown)
  
  * [應用程式安全性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cloud/application-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [雲端狀況安全性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cloud/cloud-posture-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [雲端執行階段安全性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cloud/runtime-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Prisma Cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/prisma/cloud?ts=markdown)
  
  * [AI 驅動的 SOC](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex Advanced Email Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/advanced-email-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex Exposure Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/exposure-management?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex XSIAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cortex-xsiam?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex XDR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cortex-xdr?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex XSOAR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cortex-xsoar?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex Xpanse](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cortex-xpanse?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Unit 42 託管式偵測與回應](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/managed-detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  
  * [受管理 XSIAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/managed-xsiam?ts=markdown)

* 解決方案  
  ![black arrow pointing left to go back to main navigation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/arrow-right-black.svg) 解決方案  
  AI 安全性
  
  * [安全的 AI 生態系統](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/prisma/prisma-ai-runtime-security?ts=markdown)
  * [安全使用 GenAI](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase/ai-access-security?ts=markdown)  
    網路安全
  * [雲端網路安全性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/software-firewalls?ts=markdown)
  * [數據中心安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/data-center?ts=markdown)
  * [DNS 安全性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/advanced-dns-security?ts=markdown)
  * [入侵偵測和防禦](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/advanced-threat-prevention?ts=markdown)
  * [物聯網安全性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/enterprise-device-security?ts=markdown)
  * [5G 安全性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/5g-security?ts=markdown)
  * [保護所有應用程式、使用者和位置](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase/secure-users-data-apps-devices?ts=markdown)
  * [安全的分公司轉型](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase/secure-branch-transformation?ts=markdown)
  * [在任何裝置上安全工作](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase/secure-work-on-any-device?ts=markdown)
  * [VPN 取代](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/sase/vpn-replacement-for-secure-remote-access?ts=markdown)
  * [網路與網路釣魚安全性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/network-security/advanced-url-filtering?ts=markdown)  
    雲端安全
  * [應用程式安全狀況管理 (ASPM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cloud/application-security-posture-management?ts=markdown)
  * [軟體供應鏈安全性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cloud/software-supply-chain-security?ts=markdown)
  * [程式碼安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cloud/code-security?ts=markdown)
  * [雲端安全狀況管理 (CSPM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cloud/cloud-security-posture-management?ts=markdown)
  * [雲端基礎結構權限管理 (CIEM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cloud/cloud-infrastructure-entitlement-management?ts=markdown)
  * [數據安全狀況管理 (DSPM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cloud/data-security-posture-management?ts=markdown)
  * [AI 安全狀況管理 (AI-SPM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cloud/ai-security-posture-management?ts=markdown)
  * [雲端偵測與回應 (CDR)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cloud-detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  * [雲端工作負載防護 (CWP)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cloud/cloud-workload-protection?ts=markdown)
  * [Web 應用程式和 API 安全性 (WAAS)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cloud/web-app-api-security?ts=markdown)  
    安全營運
  * [雲端偵測與回應](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cloud-detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  * [網路安全自動化](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/network-security-automation?ts=markdown)
  * [事件案例管理](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/incident-case-management?ts=markdown)
  * [SOC 自動化](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/security-operations-automation?ts=markdown)
  * [威脅情報管理](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/threat-intel-management?ts=markdown)
  * [託管式偵測與回應](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/managed-detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  * [攻擊範圍管理](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cortex-xpanse/attack-surface-management?ts=markdown)
  * [合規性管理](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cortex-xpanse/compliance-management?ts=markdown)
  * [網際網路營運管理](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/cortex-xpanse/internet-operations-management?ts=markdown)  
    端點安全
  * [端點防護](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/endpoint-protection?ts=markdown)
  * [擴展的偵測與回應](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  * [勒索軟體防護](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/ransomware-protection?ts=markdown)
  * [數位鑑識](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/digital-forensics?ts=markdown)  
    [產業](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/industry?ts=markdown)
  * [公共部門](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/industry/public-sector)
  * [金融服務](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/industry/financial-services)
  * [製造](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/industry/manufacturing)
  * [醫療](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/industry/healthcare)
  * [中小企業解決方案](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/industry/small-medium-business-portfolio)

* 服務  
  ![black arrow pointing left to go back to main navigation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/arrow-right-black.svg) 服務  
  [威脅情報和事件回應服務](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42?ts=markdown)
  
  * [評估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/assess?ts=markdown)
  
  * [AI 安全評估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/assess/ai-security-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [攻擊面評估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/assess/attack-surface-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [入侵整備審查](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/assess/breach-readiness-review?ts=markdown)
  
  * [BEC 整備評估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/bec-readiness-assessment)
  
  * [雲端安全性評估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/cloud-security-assessment)
  
  * [入侵評估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/assess/compromise-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [網路風險評估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/assess/cyber-risk-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [併購和收購網路盡職調查](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/assess/mergers-acquisitions-cyber-due-dilligence?ts=markdown)
  
  * [滲透測試](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/assess/penetration-testing?ts=markdown)
  
  * [紫隊演習](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/assess/purple-teaming?ts=markdown)
  
  * [勒索軟體整備評估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/assess/ransomware-readiness-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [SOC 評估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/cloud-security-assessment)
  
  * [供應鏈風險評估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/assess/supply-chain-risk-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [桌面演習](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/assess/tabletop-exercise?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Unit 42 聘用團隊](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/retainer?ts=markdown)
  
  * [回應](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/respond?ts=markdown)
  
  * [雲端事件回應](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/respond/cloud-incident-response?ts=markdown)
  
  * [數位鑑識](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/respond/digital-forensics?ts=markdown)
  
  * [事件回應](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/respond/incident-response?ts=markdown)
  
  * [受管理偵測與回應](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/respond/managed-detection-response?ts=markdown)
  
  * [受管理威脅搜補](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/respond/managed-threat-hunting?ts=markdown)
  
  * [受管理 XSIAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cortex/managed-xsiam?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Unit 42 聘用團隊](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/retainer?ts=markdown)
  
  * [轉型](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/transform?ts=markdown)
  
  * [投資者關係計劃的制定和審查](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/transform/incident-response-plan-development-review?ts=markdown)
  
  * [安全性計劃設計](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/transform/security-program-design?ts=markdown)
  
  * [虛擬資安長](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/transform/vciso?ts=markdown)
  
  * [零信任諮詢](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/cloud-security-assessment)  
    [全球客戶服務](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/services?ts=markdown)
  
  * [教育與訓練](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/services/education)
  
  * [專業服務](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/services/consulting)
  
  * [成功工具](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/services/customer-success-tools)
  
  * [支援服務](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/services/solution-assurance)
  
  * [客戶成功](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/services/customer-success)  
    [![](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/logo-unit-42.svg)  
    Unit 42 聘用團隊
    針對企業需求所量身打造，您可以選擇將聘用團隊時數分配至任何產品，包括主動式網路風險管理服務。了解您如何為世界級的 Unit 42 事件回應團隊設定快速撥號。
    進一步了解](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/unit42/retainer?ts=markdown)

* 合作夥伴  
  ![black arrow pointing left to go back to main navigation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/arrow-right-black.svg) 合作夥伴  
  NextWave 合作夥伴
  
  * [NextWave 合作夥伴社群](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners)
  * [雲端服務供應商](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/nextwave-for-csp)
  * [全球系統整合商](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/nextwave-for-gsi)
  * [技術合作夥伴](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/technology-partners)
  * [服務供應商](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/service-providers)
  * [解決方案供應商](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/nextwave-solution-providers)
  * [受管理安全性服務供應商](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/managed-security-service-providers)  
    採取動作
  * [入口網站登入](https://paloaltonetworks.my.site.com/NextWavePartnerProgram/s/partnerregistration?type=becomepartner)
  * [託管服務計劃](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/managed-security-services-provider-program)
  * [成為合作夥伴](https://paloaltonetworks.my.site.com/NextWavePartnerProgram/s/partnerregistration?type=becomepartner)
  * [要求存取權](https://paloaltonetworks.my.site.com/NextWavePartnerProgram/s/partnerregistration?type=requestaccess)
  * [尋找合作夥伴](https://paloaltonetworks.my.site.com/NextWavePartnerProgram/s/partnerlocator)  
    [CYBERFORCE
    CYBERFORCE 代表由於本身的安全專業知識而獲得信賴的前 1% 合作夥伴工程師。
    進一步了解](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberforce)

* 公司  
  ![black arrow pointing left to go back to main navigation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/arrow-right-black.svg) 公司  
  Palo Alto Networks
  
  * [關於我們](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/about-us?ts=markdown)
  * [管理團隊](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/about-us/management)
  * [投資人關係](https://investors.paloaltonetworks.com/)
  * [地點](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/about-us/locations)
  * [道德規範與合規性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/company/ethics-and-compliance)
  * [企業責任](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/about-us/corporate-responsibility)
  * [軍人與退伍軍人](https://jobs.paloaltonetworks.com/military)  
    [為何選擇 Palo Alto Networks？](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/why-paloaltonetworks?ts=markdown)
  * [Precision AI 安全性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/precision-ai-security?ts=markdown)
  * [我們的平台方法](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/why-paloaltonetworks/platformization?ts=markdown)
  * [加速您的網路安全轉型](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/why-paloaltonetworks/nam-cxo-portfolio)
  * [獎項和認可](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/about-us/awards)
  * [客戶案例](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/customers?ts=markdown)
  * [全球認證](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/legal-notices/trust-center/compliance)
  * [信任 360 計劃](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources/whitepapers/trust-360)  
    人才招募
  * [概觀](https://jobs.paloaltonetworks.com/)
  * [文化與社福](https://jobs.paloaltonetworks.com/culture)  
    [Newsweek 最受喜愛工作場所名單
    真正為員工著想的企業
    閱讀更多內容](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/company/press/2021/palo-alto-networks-secures-top-ranking-on-newsweek-s-most-loved-workplaces-list-for-2021)

* 更多  
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1. [Cyberpedia](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cyberpedia?ts=markdown)
2. [What Is Improper Artifact Integrity Validation?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.tw/cyberpedia/improper-artifact-integrity-validation-cicd-sec9?ts=markdown)  
   Table of Contents

* [CICD-SEC-9: Improper Artifact Integrity Validation Explained](#artifact)
* [Importance of Artifact Integrity Validation in CI/CD](#importance)
* [Preventing Improper Artifact Integrity Validation](#improper)
* [Industry Practices to Promote Artifact Integrity in CI/CD](#promote)
* [Improper Artifact Integrity Validation FAQs](#faqs)

# What Is Improper Artifact Integrity Validation?

[AppSec's New Horizon: A Virtual Event](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/appsecs-new-horizon-virtual-event.html)  
Table of Contents

* [CICD-SEC-9: Improper Artifact Integrity Validation Explained](#artifact)
* [Importance of Artifact Integrity Validation in CI/CD](#importance)
* [Preventing Improper Artifact Integrity Validation](#improper)
* [Industry Practices to Promote Artifact Integrity in CI/CD](#promote)
* [Improper Artifact Integrity Validation FAQs](#faqs)

1. CICD-SEC-9: Improper Artifact Integrity Validation Explained

* [1. CICD-SEC-9: Improper Artifact Integrity Validation Explained](#artifact)
* [2. Importance of Artifact Integrity Validation in CI/CD](#importance)
* [3. Preventing Improper Artifact Integrity Validation](#improper)
* [4. Industry Practices to Promote Artifact Integrity in CI/CD](#promote)
* [5. Improper Artifact Integrity Validation FAQs](#faqs)  
  Improper artifact integrity validation is a CI/CD security oversight that allows attackers to inject malicious code into the software delivery pipeline via artifacts within the pipeline. Tampering opportunities arise from the blend of internal and third-party resources within CI/CD systems. Failing to implement checks to verify the integrity of artifacts permits undetected tampering, which can lead to harmful code execution in the pipeline or production. This oversight results from various factors --- weak validation processes, inadequate security controls, lack of awareness about the importance of artifact integrity.

## CICD-SEC-9: Improper Artifact Integrity Validation Explained

CICD-SEC-9, as identified on the OWASP Top 10 CI/CD Security Risks, stems from the potential of an attacker with access to a system within the [CI/CD pipeline](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-the-ci-cd-pipeline-and-ci-cd-security?ts=markdown) to push malicious code or artifacts down the pipeline. This risk is exacerbated by insufficient mechanisms to validate the authenticity and integrity of code and artifacts.

As CI/CD processes combine internal resources with third-party packages fetched from assorted locations, the resulting mix creates multiple entry points susceptible to tampering. If a compromised resource infiltrates the delivery process undetected, it can flow through the pipeline, masquerading as a legitimate resource, and potentially reach production environments. Such a breach can lead to the execution of malicious code within CI/CD systems or, more concerning, in live production environments.

### Artifact Integrity Validation Defined

An integral part of [CI/CD security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security?ts=markdown), artifact integrity validation provides assurance that digital artifacts, such as software packages, containers, and configuration files, remain unaltered and authentic from their original state. The security process involves using cryptographic methods, digital signatures, and checksums to confirm each artifact's origin while ensuring that the artifact hasn't been tampered with during transit or storage.

By properly validating the integrity of artifacts, users can trust the reliability of the information, assured that deployed artifacts are free from unauthorized modifications.

### Components of Artifact Integrity Validation in the Delivery Pipeline

Key components of effective artifact integrity validation --- in addition to cryptographic checksums and digital signatures --- include secure artifact storage, secure transport protocols, and secure key management practices. Each component plays a role in safeguarding the integrity and authenticity of artifacts at different stages of the CI/CD pipeline, from artifact creation and artifact transfer between stages to artifact deployment.

### How CICD-SEC-9 Happens

To understand how improper artifact integrity validation exposes organizations to risk, let's look at a hypothetical attack scenario.

**Initial Entry**

A seasoned attacker discerns vulnerabilities in a prominent software company's CI/CD pipeline. Recognizing the potential to exploit lapses in artifact integrity validation, the attacker devises a plan to introduce a tampered artifact.

**Reconnaissance**

The attacker meticulously studies the company's CI/CD process. Noting the expected blend of internal resources with third-party packages, the attacker identifies potential weak points where the integrity of artifacts might lack rigorous validation.

**Exploitation**

Crafting a malicious library that mimics a widely used third-party package, the attacker infiltrates a mirror repository. By replacing the legitimate library with the tampered version, the attacker sets the stage for the company's CI/CD pipeline to inadvertently pull in the malicious code.

**Bypassing Security Gates**

The company's CI/CD system fetches the latest version of all dependencies. Due to lapses in secure artifact storage practices, the system unknowingly retrieves the tampered library from the compromised mirror repository.

Although the company employs checksum validation, the attacker, having manipulated the mirror repository, updates the checksum file to match the tampered library's hash. The absence of a multisource validation mechanism allows the malicious library to pass unchecked.

**Deployment and Execution**

Once the tampered library is fetched and linked during the build process, the resulting application, now tainted with the malicious code from the library, progresses through the pipeline. Upon deployment in the production environment, the concealed malicious code activates, leading to system compromise.

## Importance of Artifact Integrity Validation in CI/CD

The trustworthiness of artifacts is critical to [cloud-native application development](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-cloud-native?ts=markdown). By ensuring that only trustworthy artifacts are deployed, proper artifact integrity validation reduces the possibility of malicious code making it into production environments.

### Risks Associated with Improper Artifact Integrity Validation

Organizations open themselves to potential security breaches, data leaks, and operational disruptions resulting from tampered artifacts that could have been detected prior to deployment if proper validation measures had been in place.

**Case Study 1: Webmin Falls Victim to Stealthy Server Exploit**

Attackers exploited Webmin's development build server in April 2018, introducing a vulnerability to the password\_change.cgi script. To conceal the malicious modification, they altered the file's timestamp, and the compromised file became part of Webmin version 1.890. Although developers reverted the file using GitHub's version, attackers altered it again by July 2018, impacting versions 1.900 to 1.920. The exploit remained active only when a specific feature was enabled. After receiving a zero-day exploit report in August 2019, Webmin promptly removed the exploit and released version 1.930.

**Case Study 2: PHP's Internal Security Breach**

In early 2021, PHP's git.php.net server faced a malicious attack. Initially considered an individual account compromise, two malicious commits were made under the names of prominent PHP contributors. A deeper investigation revealed that these commits bypassed the standard gitolite infrastructure, hinting at a server compromise. The commits were pushed using HTTPS and password-based authentication, raising suspicions of a potential leak in the master.php.net user database. The attacker's ability to authenticate after only a few username guesses further intensified these concerns.

## Preventing Improper Artifact Integrity Validation

Understanding the risks associated with artifacts highlights the importance of implementing staunch checks to ensure their integrity. To mitigate risks, consider the following strategies:

### Integrity Validation from Development to Production

Implement processes and technologies that validate resource integrity throughout the software delivery chain. As developers generate a resource, they should sign it using an external resource signing infrastructure. Before consuming a resource in subsequent pipeline stages, cross-check its integrity against the signing authority. Key measures include:

**Code Signing**

Source code management (SCM) solutions offer the capability to sign commits with a unique key for each contributor, preventing unsigned commits from progressing through the pipeline.

**Artifact Verification Software**

Tools designed for signing and verifying code and artifacts, such as the Linux Foundation's Sigstore, can thwart unverified software from advancing down the pipeline.

**Configuration Drift Detection**

Implement measures to detect configuration drifts, such as resources in cloud environments not managed using a signed [infrastructure as code (IAC)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-iac?ts=markdown) template. Such drifts could indicate deployments from untrusted sources or processes.

### Third-Party Resource Validation

Third-party resources incorporated into build and deploy pipelines, like scripts executed during the build process, should undergo rigorous validation. Before utilizing these resources, compute their hash and compare it against the official hash provided by the resource provider.

## Industry Practices to Promote Artifact Integrity in CI/CD

The industry has established standards and guidelines for artifact integrity validation. Examples include the use of cryptographic algorithms like SHA-256 for checksums, X.509 certificates for digital signatures, and secure transport protocols such as HTTPS for artifact transfer. Organizations should align their practices with these standards to maintain a reliable and secure software delivery pipeline.

### Establish Artifact Integrity Validation Policies and Audit Schedule

To ensure proper artifact integrity validation, organizations should establish clear policies that define validation processes. Once established, regularly audit compliance with internal policies to identify and address weaknesses, as well as areas of noncompliances. Continuous monitoring and analysis will help detect anomalies or unauthorized activities.

### Employ Cryptographic Signing

Use public key infrastructure (PKI) to cryptographically sign artifacts at each stage of the CI/CD pipeline. This practice validates signatures against a trusted certificate authority before consumption. Configure your CI/CD pipeline to reject artifacts with invalid or missing signatures to reduce risks of deploying tampered resources or unauthorized changes.

### Implement Secure Storage

Establish a secure tamper-proof repository to store artifacts and enforce strict access controls, preventing unauthorized modifications. Enable versioning to maintain a historical record of artifact changes and implement real-time monitoring to track and alert on suspicious activity. In case of compromised artifacts, configure the system to facilitate rollbacks to previous, known-good versions.

### Enforce Multi-Source Validation

Adopt a multisource validation strategy that verifies the integrity of artifacts using various sources, such as checksums, digital signatures, and secure hash algorithms, as well as trusted repositories. Keep the cryptographic algorithms and keys up to date to maintain their effectiveness.

### Integrate Security Scanning

Incorporate vulnerability scanning tools and [static application security testing (SAST)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-sast-static-application-security-testing?ts=markdown) into the CI/CD pipeline to identify potential security issues in artifacts --- including third-party dependencies --- before deployment. Taking a proactive approach allows [DevOps](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devops?ts=markdown) teams to address vulnerabilities early in the development process, reducing the risk of security incidents and maintaining a high level of [code quality](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-code-security?ts=markdown).

### Foster a Security-Aware Culture

Educate and train development teams about the importance of artifact integrity validation and the potential risks associated with improper validation. Encourage adherence to secure coding practices and emphasize the role each individual plays in maintaining a [secure CI/CD environment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security?ts=markdown).

## Improper Artifact Integrity Validation FAQs

### What are digital signatures?

A digital signature is a cryptographic technique used to validate the authenticity and integrity of a message, software, or digital document.

### What are hash functions?

Hash functions are cryptographic algorithms that take inputs of any length and generate fixed-size outputs called hashes or digests. Designed to be deterministic, hash functions ensure the same input consistently produces the same hash value. Additionally, their one-way nature makes it computationally infeasible to deduce the input from the hash value. Common applications for hash functions include data integrity verification, digital signature creation, and secure password storage.

Well-known hash functions include SHA-256, MD5, and SHA-1.

### What is a library?

In the context of CI/CD, a library is a collection of precompiled routines that a program can use. These routines, sometimes called modules or functions, are stored in object format. Libraries are particularly useful for storing frequently used routines because developers don't need to explicitly link them to every program that uses them. The linker automatically looks for them when linking modules together. Libraries can be static (linked at compile time) or dynamic (linked at runtime).

### What is a repository?

A repository, in the context of software development, refers to a centralized file storage location. It's used by version control systems to store multiple versions of files. While a repository can contain libraries, it can also contain individual code files, images, scripts, documentation, etc.

### What is in-toto?

In-toto is an open-source framework for securing software supply chains. It cryptographically ensures that the entire development process has been conducted as planned and the final artifact hasn't been tampered with.

### What is SLSA?

Supply-chain levels for software artifacts, or SLSA, refers to an end-to-end framework for ensuring the integrity of software artifacts throughout the software supply chain.

### What is Sigstore?

Sigstore is a Linux Foundation project that provides a nonrepudiable software supply chain. It offers services to software developers for signing software artifacts, storing the signatures, and verifying them.

### What is configuration drift detection?

Configuration drift detection is a process that ensures the current state of the system configuration hasn't deviated or 'drifted' from its intended state. Configuration drift can be a sign of tampering or misconfiguration.

### What is a software configuration management (SCM) solution?

A software configuration management (SCM) solution is a tool or system that manages and tracks changes made to software projects throughout their development lifecycle. By controlling modifications to source code, files, and documentation, it aids in maintaining consistency, traceability, and accountability across the development process.

SCM solutions enable developers to collaborate efficiently, prevent conflicting changes, and easily revert changes to previous versions. They also facilitate branching and merging, allowing simultaneous development of multiple features or bug fixes in isolated environments. SCM solutions streamline the build and deployment processes, ensuring the right versions of software components are combined and released.

Popular SCM tools include Git, Subversion, and Mercurial.

### What is a signed IaC template?

[Infrastructure as code (IAC)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-iac?ts=markdown) templates describe the desired state of system infrastructure. Signing these templates helps ensure their integrity.

### What is artifact verification software?

Artifact verification software refers to tools for signing and verifying the integrity of code and artifacts, such as those provided by in-toto, SLSA, and Sigstore.

### What is checksum validation?

Checksum validation is a method used to ensure the integrity of data, especially during transmission or storage. It involves generating a checksum from the data and then regenerating and comparing the checksum at the point of use.
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